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Cs falloutOta, Masakazu; Koarashi, Jun
Science of the Total Environment, 816, p.151587_1 - 151587_21, 2022/04
Times Cited Count：7 Percentile：71.43(Environmental Sciences)In forests affected by the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident, trees became contaminated with Cs. However, Cs transfer processes determining tree contamination (particularly for stem wood, which is a prominent commercial resource in Fukushima) remain insufficiently understood. This study proposes a model for simulating the dynamic behavior of Cs in a forest tree-litter-soil system and applied it to two contaminated forests (cedar plantation and natural oak stand) in Fukushima. The model-calculated results and inter-comparison of the results with measurements elucidated the relative impact of distinct Cs transfer processes determining tree contamination. The transfer of Cs to trees occurred mostly (
99%) through surface uptake of Cs directly trapped by leaves or needles and bark during the fallout. By contrast, root uptake of Cs from the soil was unsubstantial and several orders of magnitude lower than the surface uptake over a 50-year period following the accident. As a result, the internal contamination of the trees proceeded through an enduring recycling (translocation) of Cs absorbed on the tree surface at the time of the accident. A significant surface uptake of Cs at the bark was identified, contributing 100% (leafless oak tree) and 30% (foliated cedar tree; the remaining surface uptake occurred at the needles) of the total Cs uptake by trees. It was suggested that the trees growing at the study sites are currently (as of 2021) in a decontamination phase; the activity concentration of Cs in the stem wood decreases by 3% per year, mainly through radioactive decay of Cs and partly through a dilution effect from tree growth.
Cs and Cs radioactivity measurementsMalins, A.; Imamura, Naohiro*; Niizato, Tadafumi; Takahashi, Junko*; Kim, M.; Sakuma, Kazuyuki; Shinomiya, Yoshiki*; Miura, Satoru*; Machida, Masahiko
Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 226, p.106456_1 - 106456_12, 2021/01
Times Cited Count：6 Percentile：40.04(Environmental Sciences)Nagao, Fumiya; Niizato, Tadafumi; Sasaki, Yoshito; Ito, Satomi; Watanabe, Takayoshi; Dohi, Terumi; Nakanishi, Takahiro; Sakuma, Kazuyuki; Hagiwara, Hiroki; Funaki, Hironori; et al.
JAEA-Research 2020-007, 249 Pages, 2020/10
JAEA-Research-2020-007.pdf:15.83MB
The accident of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station, Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings, Inc. occurred due to the Great East Japan Earthquake, Sanriku offshore earthquake, of 9.0 magnitude and the accompanying tsunami. As a result, large amount of radioactive materials was released into the environment. Under these circumstances, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) has been conducting "Long-term Assessment of Transport of Radioactive Contaminants in the Environment of Fukushima" concerning radioactive materials released in environment, especially migration behavior of radioactive cesium since November 2012. This report is a summary of the research results that have been obtained in environmental dynamics research conducted by JAEA in Fukushima Prefecture.
Cs from forests to freshwater fish living in mountain streams in Fukushima, JapanKurikami, Hiroshi; Sakuma, Kazuyuki; Malins, A.; Sasaki, Yoshito; Niizato, Tadafumi
Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 208-209, p.106005_1 - 106005_11, 2019/11
Times Cited Count：17 Percentile：58.6(Environmental Sciences)To assess the uptake of Cs-137 (Cs) by freshwater fish, we developed a compartment model for the migration of Cs on the catchment scale from forests to river water. We modelled a generic forest catchment with Fukushima-like parameters to ascertain the importance of export pathways of Cs from forests to river water for the uptake of Cs by freshwater fish. The results suggest that the decreasing trend of Cs in river water and freshwater fish was due to combination of the decreasing trend in the forest leaves/needles and litter compartments, and the increasing trend in soil. The Cs concentrations within these forest compartments plateau at around ten years after the fallout due to Cs circulation in forests reaching an equilibrium state.
Cs in organic layer and mineral soil in Japanese forests; Four-year observation and model analysisMuto, Kotomi; Atarashi-Andoh, Mariko; Matsunaga, Takeshi*; Koarashi, Jun
Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 208-209, p.106040_1 - 106040_10, 2019/11
Times Cited Count：13 Percentile：48.62(Environmental Sciences)Vertical distributions of Cs in the soil profile were observed at five forest sites with different vegetation types for 4.4 years after the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident, and Cs migration in the organic layer and mineral soil was analyzed based on a comparison of models and observations. Cesium-137 migration from the organic layer was faster than that observed in European forests, suggesting that the mobility and bioavailability of Cs could be suppressed rapidly in Japanese forests. The diffusion coefficients of Cs in the mineral soil were estimated to be 0.042-0.55 cm
y
, which were roughly comparable with those of European forest soils affected by the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident. Model predictions indicated Cs mainly distributed in the surface mineral soil at 10 years after the accident. It suggest that the Cs deposited onto Japanese forest ecosystems will be retained in the surface layers of mineral soil for a long time.
Sasaki, Miyuki; Sanada, Yukihisa; Yamamoto, Akio*
Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 184(3-4), p.400 - 404, 2019/10
Times Cited Count：3 Percentile：31.36(Environmental Sciences)The maximum-likelihood expectation maximization (ML-EM) method is expected to improve the accuracy of airborne radiation monitoring using an unmanned aerial vehicle. The accuracy of the ML-EM method depends on various parameters, including detector efficiency, attenuation factor, and shielding factor. In this study, we evaluate the shielding factor of trees based on several field radiation measurements. From the actual measurement, the shielding factors were well correlated with the heights of the trees. The evaluated shielding factors were applied to the ML-EM method in conjunction with the measured data obtained from above the Fukushima forest. Compared with the conventional methods used for calculating the dose rate, the proposed method is found to be more reliable.
Nagao, Fumiya; Niizato, Tadafumi; Sasaki, Yoshito; Ito, Satomi; Watanabe, Takayoshi; Dohi, Terumi; Nakanishi, Takahiro; Sakuma, Kazuyuki; Hagiwara, Hiroki; Funaki, Hironori; et al.
JAEA-Research 2019-002, 235 Pages, 2019/08
JAEA-Research-2019-002.pdf:21.04MB
The accident of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (hereinafter referred to 1F), Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings, Inc. occurred due to the Great East Japan Earthquake, Sanriku offshore earthquake, of 9.0 magnitude and the accompanying tsunami. As a result, large amount of radioactive materials was released into the environment. Under these circumstances, JAEA has been conducting Long-term Environmental Dynamics Research concerning radioactive materials released in environment, especially migration behavior of radioactive cesium since November 2012. This report is a summary of the research results that have been obtained in environmental dynamics research conducted by JAEA in Fukushima Prefecture.
Okano, Yasushi; Yamano, Hidemasa
Mechanical Engineering Journal (Internet), 4(3), p.16-00517_1 - 16-00517_10, 2017/06
A sensitivity study on forest fire hazard curves was performed. The probability fluctuation on forest fire breakout time affects the reaction intensity and the fireline intensity around 4% and 14% respectively. The probability fluctuation on forest fire breakout points affects the hazard curve frequency around +70% to -40%. The probability fluctuation due to forest firefighting operation only affects the frequency of the hazard curves, but not the intensity. The hazard curves without the effect of firefighting remarkably increase around 40 to 80 times in frequency in comparison with those with considering the forest firefighting operation effect outside the plant. This study indicated that the most significant factor in the forest fire hazard risk is whether the forest firefighting operation outside the plant is expected before the forest fire arrival at the plant.
Okano, Yasushi; Yamano, Hidemasa
Proceedings of 10th Japan-Korea Symposium on Nuclear Thermal Hydraulics and Safety (NTHAS-10) (USB Flash Drive), 9 Pages, 2016/11
This paper deals with an event sequence by forest fire heat effect on a decay heat removal function of a sodium-cooled fast reactor. Related to the potential vulnerability, an event scenario was developed using conservative assumptions. An event tree was developed with an initiating event of the loss of off-site power, and the headings are related to "external diesel fuel tanks", "emergency diesel generator and its auxiliary system", "alternative cooling system and its power source", and "decay heat air cooler". A failure probability on each heading was given from a fragility curve as a function of reaction intensity or by assumptions based on conservative models. A core damage frequency, under the conditional of the loss of off-site power, was conservatively evaluated around 10
/year. A key heading in the event tree with large effect on the frequency is the intactness of the external diesel fuel tanks.
Okano, Yasushi; Yamano, Hidemasa
Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 53(8), p.1224 - 1234, 2016/08
Times Cited Count：4 Percentile：36.27(Nuclear Science & Technology)A method to obtain a hazard curve of a forest fire was developed. The method has four steps: a logic tree formulation, a response surface evaluation, a Monte Carlo simulation, and an annual exceedance frequency calculation. The logic tree consists domains of forest fire breakout and spread conditions, weather conditions, vegetation conditions, and forest fire simulation conditions. The new method was applied to evaluate hazard curves of a reaction intensity and a fireline intensity for a typical location around a sodium-cooled fast reactor in Japan.
Shimomura, Yusuke; Hanari, Akira*; Sato, Isamu*; Kitamura, Ryoichi
JAEA-Technology 2015-062, 47 Pages, 2016/03
JAEA-Technology-2015-062.pdf:1.85MB
In response to new standards for regulating waste management facilities, it was carried out impact assessment of forest fires on the waste management facilities existed in Oarai Research and Development Center of Japan Atomic Energy Agency. At first, a fire spread scenario of forest fires was assumed. The intensity of forest fires was evaluated from field surveys, forest fire evaluation models and so on. As models of forest fire intensity evaluation, Rothermel Model and Canadian Forest Fire Behavior Prediction (FBP) System were used. Impact assessment of radiant heat to the facilities was carried out, and temperature change of outer walls for the assumed forest fires was estimated. The outer wall temperature of facilities was estimated around 160
C at the maximum, it was revealed that it doesn't reach allowable temperature limit. Consequently, it doesn't influence the strength of concrete. In addition, a probability of fire breach was estimated to be about 20%. This report illustrates an example of evaluation of forest fires for the new regulatory standards through impact assessment of the forest fires on the waste management facilities.
Okano, Yasushi; Yamano, Hidemasa
Proceedings of 23rd International Conference on Nuclear Engineering (ICONE-23) (DVD-ROM), 9 Pages, 2015/05
Numerical simulations of forest fire propagation and smoke transport were performed with sensibility studies to weather conditions, and the effect by the smoke on the air filter was quantitatively evaluated. Forest fire propagation simulations were performed using FARSITE code. A temporal increase of a forest fire spread area, a position of the frontal fireline, "reaction intensity" and "frontal fireline intensity" are obtained and used for the smoke transport simulations by ALOFT-FT where spatial distribution of PM2.5 and PM10 are evaluated. The total amount of particle matter at the air filter at the nuclear power plant is around several hundred grams per m
which is well below the operational limit of the air filter of 15 kg/m.
C, Cs and stable carbon composition in forest soil and its implicationsGuo, J.; Atarashi-Andoh, Mariko; Amano, Hikaru
Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 255(1), p.223 - 229, 2003/01
Times Cited Count：7 Percentile：45.77(Chemistry, Analytical)Soil organic matter content, 
C, C and Cs radioactivity were determined in 3 undisturbed forest soil profiles in Ibaraki prefecture, Japan to estimate C migration in surface environment. The Cs data illustrate that no disturbance has occurred during past years in 3 soil profiles. The peak values are observed in the top 10 cm of the soil profiles. C activities were determined with fast bomb combustion-liquid scintillation counting method. C determination shows that C also has peak values in the top 10 cm of the soil profiles ascribed to the highest bomb C level in 1960's.C values continuously decreased with increasing soil depth. Enrichment of deeper soils in isotope ratio probably results from discrimination against C during mineralization and loss of isotopically lighter carbon from soils due to root uptake, leaching etc.It shows that C is an excellent indicator of soil carbon turnover and belowground process.
Atarashi-Andoh, Mariko; Amano, Hikaru
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis II, p.273 - 279, 2003/00
Because of the long radioactive half-life of C-14, fallout C-14 from former nuclear weapon-tests still remains in soil, and there is a C-14 flux from the soil surface to the atmosphere [1]. Patterns of C-14 enrichment in soil profiles provide important information for estimating carbon turnover and carbon flux from soil. A simple analytical method of C-14 measurement has been developed for measuring C-14 distribution in the terrestrial environment. C-14 specific activities in plants and soils in a forest and a cultivated field were measured by this method. The data were made available to assess the behavior of fallout C-14 in the surface environment.
Moda, Yukimitsu*; Hayashi, Takuya*; Koide, Hiroshi; Kashima, Toru*; Tsutsui, Hiroaki*; Kasahara, Hironori*
Joho Shori Gakkai Dai-62-Kai (Heisei-13-Nen Zenki) Zenkoku Taikai Koen Rombunshu, p.1_131 - 1_132, 2001/03
no abstracts in English
Yamazawa, Hiromi; ; Chino, Masamichi; Hayashi, Takashi
Int. Workshop Proc., Improvement of Environmental Transfer Models and Parameters, 0, p.81 - 90, 1996/00
no abstracts in English
Yamazawa, Hiromi; ; Chino, Masamichi; Hayashi, Takashi; *; *; Kojima, Hiromi*; *
JAERI-Data/Code 95-012, 65 Pages, 1995/09
JAERI-Data-Code-95-012.pdf:2.24MB
no abstracts in English
Iijima, Kazuki; Funaki, Hironori; Oyama, Takuya; Niizato, Tadafumi; Sato, Haruo*; Yui, Mikazu
no journal, ,
Goal of the project is to develop mechanistic models to predict transport behavior of radioelements strongly adsorbed on soil particles from forests to sea through river systems, evaluate evolution of dose, and propose methods to constrain the transport. This study overviewed the behavior of radioactive caesium through one of the river systems in the coastal area of Fukushima. Concequently, caesium is considered to be strongly adsorbed on the soil particles in the transport through the river water system since more than 90% of caesium has still remained within 5 cm from the surface of topsoil in the forest, and the concentration of caesium in the lake water was extremely low. The difference of concentrations of caesium in the sediments in the river water system can be explained by the effect of particle size on the adsorption site density of caesium.
Ishii, Yasuo; Watanabe, Takayoshi; Oyama, Takuya; Sasaki, Yoshito; Abe, Hironobu; Mitachi, Katsuaki; Niizato, Tadafumi
no journal, ,
Mountainous forest is currently one of the most important sources of radioactive cesium released from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident in Fukushima prefecture, which was covered approximately 70% of the land area by the forest. This study reports the changes in concentrations of radioactive cesium in sediments outflowed from the steep mountainous forest of the Abukuma Mountains, Fukushima, during September - December 2015.
Malins, A.; Imamura, Naohiro*; Niizato, Tadafumi; Kim, M.; Sakuma, Kazuyuki; Shinomiya, Yoshiki*; Miura, Satoru*; Machida, Masahiko
no journal, ,
Malins, A.; Imamura, Naohiro*; Niizato, Tadafumi; Kim, M.; Sakuma, Kazuyuki; Shinomiya, Yoshiki*; Miura, Satoru*; Machida, Masahiko
no journal, ,
